Noun Phrase (নামপদসমষ্টি)

উদাহরণ: To travel the world is her dream.

• এখানে “To travel the world” হলো Noun Phrase।

• কারণ প্রদত্ত phrase টি verb (is) এর subject হিসেবে ব্যবহার হয়েছে এবং Noun এর কাজ সম্পন্ন করছে।

• সাধারণত, যদি infinitive marker (to + verb) কোনো sentence-এ subject বা object হিসেবে ব্যবহার হয়, তখন তা Noun Phrase হিসেবে গণ্য হয়।

Noun Phrase সংজ্ঞা:

• যে শব্দসমষ্টি Noun-এর কাজ সম্পন্ন করতে পারে তাকে Noun Phrase বলে।

• মূলত এটি একটি Noun বা Pronoun-এর কাজ করে।

• সাধারণত কেবল Adjective দ্বারা modify করা হয়।

Noun Phrase-এর বিভিন্ন ভূমিকা বাক্যে:

• Subject হিসেবে

• Object of a verb হিসেবে

• Object of a preposition হিসেবে

• Subject complement হিসেবে

• Object complement হিসেবে

উৎস: 

Discipline

English meaning:

1. Training that makes people more willing to obey or better able to control themselves, often through rules and punishments if broken, or the behavior produced by this training.

2. A particular area of study, especially a subject studied at a college or university.

Bangla meaning:

1. নিয়মানুবর্তিতা; শৃঙ্খলা

2. জ্ঞানের শাখা; পাঠ্যবিষয়

Examples:

1. In some of these schools, army-style drills are used to instill a sense of discipline.

2. The new teacher had failed to enforce any sort of discipline.

3. Our company actively recruits graduates for a wide range of disciplines including engineering, science, and business.

Source: Cambridge Dictionary

Explanation:

When converting direct speech to indirect speech (assertive sentences):

1. Remove the quotation marks and introduce a conjunction like that after the reporting verb (said, told).

2. Change the pronouns according to the subject and object.

3. Adjust the tense if the reporting verb is in the past:

   • Modal verbs like must generally change to had to in the past tense, unless expressing eternal truths.

Example:

• Direct: Kalim said, "I must go there."

• Indirect: Kalim said that he had to go there.

Other options are wrong because:

• ক) “I” is not changed to “he” → incorrect pronoun

• খ) “must” is unchanged → past context usually requires had to

• ঘ) “must had to” → grammatically incorrect; two modal verbs cannot be used together

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain