Gerund Phrase – Example and Explanation

• Example Sentence:
  Learning a new language demands consistent practice.

  • Underlined part: Learning a new language

  • Function: Gerund Phrase (Noun Phrase)

  • Explanation:

    • Begins with a gerund (Learning = verb + -ing acting as a noun)

    • Functions as the subject of the sentence

    • Hence, it is both a Noun Phrase and a Gerund Phrase

Noun Phrase:

• A noun phrase is a group of words that functions as a noun or pronoun in a sentence.

• It can be modified by adjectives.

Three Types of Noun Phrases:

1. Appositive Phrase:

   • Renames another noun in the sentence, often set off by commas

   • Example: Mr. Rahman, my favorite English teacher, is doing this assignment for me.

2. Gerund Phrase:

   • Starts with a gerund (verb + -ing) and acts as a noun

   • Example: Traveling to new places broadens your perspective.

3. Infinitive Phrase:

   • Begins with an infinitive (to + verb) and includes modifiers

   • Example: His dream is to travel the world.

Source: Cliff's TOEFL

Fire : Burn :: Water : ?

Correct Answer: খ) Flow

ব্যাখ্যা:

• Fire (আগুন) কোনো কিছু poṛāy / burn করে।

• Water (পানি) এর সাথে একই ধরনের সম্পর্ক খুঁজতে হবে।

• Water flows / বয়ে চলে।

• তাই analogical relation:

Fire : Burn = Water : Flow

Options:

1. ক) Ash – ছাই; ভস্ম

2. খ) Flow – বওয়া; বয়ে চলা / যাওয়া; প্রবাহিত হওয়া ✅

3. গ) Fly – উড়া; উড়াল দেওয়া; উড়ে যাওয়া

4. ঘ) Clean – নির্মল; পরিষ্কার

Source: Cambridge Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Accessible Dictionary

Correct Answer

The book had been written by me. ✅

Explanation:

• Past Perfect Tense এর Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:

  • Object → Subject হয়

  • had been বসে

  • মূল verb এর Past Participle বসে

  • by বসে

  • Subject → Objective form এ রূপ নেয়

Structure:
👉 Subjective form of object + had been + Past Participle + by + Objective form of subject

Example:

• Active: I had written the book.

• Passive: The book had been written by me.

Other Options

ক) The book was written by me. → এটি Simple Past Passive। মূল বাক্য Past Perfect, তাই ভুল।
গ) The book is written by me. → এটি Simple Present Passive। ভিন্ন অর্থ প্রকাশ করে।
ঘ) The book has been written by me. → এটি Present Perfect Passive। মূল বাক্যের সাথে মেলে না।