✦ Topic: Participle

Definition

• A participle is a verb form that ends in -ing (present participle) or -ed, -d, -t, -en, -n (past participle).

• Participles function as adjectives, describing or modifying nouns.

• A participle does the work of both a verb and an adjective.

Example Analysis

• A retired soldier told us stories of the war.

  • এখানে retired শব্দটি soldier noun-কে modify করছে, তাই এটি adjective-এর কাজ করছে।

  • একই সাথে এটি verb-এর sense বহন করছে (অর্থাৎ "যিনি অবসর নিয়েছেন")।

Types of Participle

1. Present Participle → verb + ing

   • Example: Do not disturb a sleeping dog.

2. Past Participle → verb + ed/d/t/en/n

   • Example: This is a book written by Charles Dickens.

   • Note: সাধারণত verb + ed হয়ে past participle হয় (work → worked)।

   • তবে অনেক verb-এ irregular past participle হয় (write → written, eat → eaten)।

3. Perfect Participle → Having + past participle

   • Example: Having eaten rice, he went to bed.

Rule:

• সমজাতীয় কিছু বোঝাতে যেমন the same, the certain ইত্যাদি, singular common noun-এর আগে a/an বসে।

Examples:

• Birds of a feather flock together.

• Criminals are of a (the same) character.

• There lived a farmer.

Complete Sentence:
👉 Criminals are of a character.

Axis (noun):

• Meaning: অক্ষরেখা।

• এটি Singular number হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

• এর Plural form হলো Axes।

Source: Accessible Dictionary