Rule for converting a simple sentence with “at the time of” into a complex sentence:

1. Keep the first clause unchanged.

2. Replace “at the time of” with “when”.

3. Adjust the second clause according to the tense of the first clause.

Example:

• Simple Sentence: Rubel called me at the time of playing cricket.

• Complex Sentence: Rubel called me when I was playing cricket.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition, Chowdhury & Hossain

Provided / Provided that

“Provided” বা “Provided that” হলো একটি conjunction (যোগসূত্র) যা শর্ত বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। এটি সাধারণত “if” বা “only if” অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
এটি দুটি clause (বাক্যাংশ) কে সংযুক্ত করে – একটি প্রধান বাক্য এবং একটি শর্তসূচক বাক্য।

2. উদাহরণ বাক্য:

• I shall help you provided you obey me.

  • বাংলা অর্থ: আমি তোমাকে সাহায্য করব যদি তুমি আমার কথা মানো।

  • এখানে provided দুটি clause “I shall help you” এবং “you obey me” কে সংযুক্ত করছে।

3. আরও উদাহরণ:

• Anyone can come on the trip provided that they follow the rules.

  • যদি তারা নিয়ম মেনে চলে, তবে কেউ যাত্রায় আসতে পারবে।

• Provided that the boat leaves on time, we should reach France by morning.

  • যদি নৌকা সময়মতো ছেড়ে যায়, আমরা সকালে ফ্রান্স পৌঁছাতে পারব।

• The flight will take off provided that the weather is good.

  • যদি আবহাওয়া ভালো থাকে, উড়ান শুরু হবে।

সারসংক্ষেপ:

“Provided / Provided that” দিয়ে বাক্যকে শর্তমূলক (conditional) অর্থ দেওয়া যায়। এটি if / only if এর সমার্থক।

উৎস: Swan, Michael. Practical English Usage, Oxford University Press.

Adverbial Clause of Reason

• Purpose: Explains the reason why the action in the principal clause happens or does not happen.

• Conjunctions Used: As, Since, For, Because, That etc.

• Position Rules:

  1. At the beginning: Clause starts with conjunction and ends with a comma; rest of the sentence is the principal clause.

     • Example: Because he was tired, he went to bed early.

  2. In the middle/end: Clause starts with conjunction but no comma needed at the end.

     • Example: He went to bed early because he was tired.

• Notes:

  1. Seeing that can replace Since or As to express in view of the fact.

     • Example: Seeing that the room is already full, the meeting may begin now.

  2. You can convert an adverbial clause of reason into two principal clauses using so.

     • Example: Since it was too dark to go on, we camped there. → It was too dark to go on, so we camped there.

Correct Example:

• He left the party because he was feeling sick.

  • Underlined clause: Adverbial Clause of Reason

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition, Chowdhury & Hossain